It is known that the CV protection effect of GLP-1RAs have been proven through eight large-scale clinical studies, including Evaluation of LIXisenatide in Acute coronary syndrome (ELIXA) [66], LEADER [44], Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN)-6 [67], Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL) [68], Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes) [69], Researching Cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes (REWIND) [70], Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment (PIONEER) 6 [67,71], and AMPLITUDE-O [51]
Liraglutide Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Abnormal Cell Migration, Proliferation, and Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Activating the GLP-1 Receptor, and Inhibiting ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways
PMID: 4 PopovJFarbodYChauhanUKalantarMHillLArmstrongDet al
Microdosing starts at doses below the lowest commercially available starting dose and is titrated slowly to achieve neuromodulatory and metabolic effects without the full appetite suppression or side effects of standard dosing